Intriguing Developments to Emerge from UN Summit on Safeguarding Genetic Data Usage
Negotiators at the ongoing UN COP16 nature summit are expected to reach an agreement on the use of genetic information, often referred to as "digital sequence information" (DSI), derived from nature, and compensation for its use. The summit aims to establish a unified multilateral system that would generate conservation funds through the use of DSI.
Unique genetic codes, crucial for the development and function of living organisms, have long served as a resource for researchers across various sectors. These sectors, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture, contribute approximately $1.6 trillion in annual revenue by utilizing DSI in product development. According to a study commissioned by the UN Convention on Biological Diversity secretariat, this figure also encompasses revenues generated from products not related to genetic information.
Biodiversity-rich countries such as Brazil and India are particularly concerned about companies and researchers exploiting their genetic resources without fair compensation. The current legal system governing the use of genetic materials is complex and varies from country to country, often providing limited financial benefits to developing nations.
The COP16 discussions focus on the digital aspect of genetic sequences shared and digitized through public databases, as opposed to physical samples. The use of DSI has played a crucial role in the development of medical treatments such as COVID-19 vaccines and the creation of new agricultural products.
Negotiators are evaluating various payment models for using DSI, including receiving a percentage of revenue or profits from sectors like the pharmaceutical industry. The goal is to establish a system that allocates funds for conservation by directly financing countries or individual conservation projects.
A study commissioned by the UN in July suggests that applying a fee ranging from 0.1% to 1% on the annual revenues of sectors utilizing DSI could generate a fund between $1 billion and $10 billion annually. These funds are likely to support conservation efforts and aid poorer countries in enhancing their genetic research capabilities.
Experts emphasize the importance of maintaining free access to DSI for nonprofit research institutions contributing to scientific knowledge and nature conservation.
Once an agreement is reached, it will be the responsibility of individual countries to implement the regulations at the national level, a process that could take years. However, a voluntary participation payment system for companies could potentially accelerate the adoption of DSI at an agreed payment rate.